NANOCARRIERS FOR MULTIDRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS (MDR TB) THERAPY: A STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW
Abstract
Background: Multidrug Resistant tuberculosis is a significant global health problem because of low drug efficacy, low bioavailability and high side effect of the traditional therapy. Nanocarrier mediated drug delivery systems have been reported to an effective approach for improving therapeutic effects by enhancing the solubility of drugs, targeted delivery and minimizing systemic toxicity. Objective: This review provides a current overview of recent developments in nanocarriers for MDR TB treatment, emphasizing their ability to bypass drug resistance mechanisms, improve pharmacokinetics & increase patient compliance. Methodology: An extensive literature search was made via PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, on studies (2010–2025) on polymeric nanoparticles, lipid carriers, inorganic nanoparticles, and hybrid systems for the treatment of MDR-TB. Critical parameters like drug loading efficiency, release rate, in vitro/in vivo efficacy, and toxicity profiles were evaluated. Results: Nanocarriers like liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric micelles and mesoporous silica nanoparticles have enhanced drug stability, controlled release and better targeting towards infected macrophages. Ligand conjugated nanocarriers enhance cellular uptake and minimize off targeting. Preclinical evidence indicates dramatic reductions in bacterial load and treatment duration when compared to free drugs. Some issues still remain regarding scalability, regulatory clearance, and long-term safety. Conclusion: Nanocarrier derived delivery systems have immense potential to transform the management of MDR TB by overcoming pharmacokinetic barriers and resistance mechanisms. Areas to target in the future should be clinical translation, combination therapy, and smart stimulus responsive systems for efficient TB management.
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