Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL USE OF BROMELAIN IN COSMECEUTICALS: A REVIEW

Zahra Marissa — 2025-01-18

Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a member of the Bromeliaceae family, predominantly found in tropical regions, including Indonesia. Bromelain, a proteolytic enzyme, is present throughout the pineapple plant, with higher concentrations found in the stem compared to the fruit. While bromelain has been extensively utilized in medical therapies, its applications have expanded into various industries, including food and beverage, textiles, and cosmetics. The growing interest in natural ingredients within the cosmetic industry has led to the emergence of cosmeceuticals products that combine cosmetic and therapeutic benefits. Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products that contain biologically active ingredients with therapeutic benefits on the applied surface. Common treatments address issues such as acne, redness, hair damage, wrinkles, photoaging, skin dryness, hyperpigmentation, and uneven skin tone. This review article aims to discuss the potential benefits of bromelain as a cosmeceutical raw material.

The FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL COUGH SYRUP

Raj Kumari Kataria — 2025-01-18

Introduction: Cough is one of the most common problems faced by all people. There are mainly two types of coughs one is dry cough and another one is wet cough; dry cough there is no mucous and secretion while in wet cough there is cough with mucous or secretion. Syrup is commonly used and popular dosage form which is used to cure cough and cold, because it having ease of patient’s compliance.

Method: The herbal plants of the herbal cough syrup was selected due to their reported action that plays a preventive and curative role in prevention of cough. The ingredients of the syrup are honey, Ginger, Tulsi, liquorice, Cardamom, Fennel, Clove which act as expectorant and antitussive. The finished herbal syrup’s quality was assessed for both pre and post formulation parameter. Formulation at the laboratory was evaluated for the number of parameters such as Colour, Odour, Taste, Ph determination, Viscosity and Specific Gravity.

Result and Discussion: Here, three batches were formulated by using honey base having various concentration such as 40%, 45% and 50 %w/v. The prepared syrup’s physiochemical qualities, including its colour, odour, pH, taste was found to be suitable.

EVALUATION OF MORTALITY IN COVID-19, BASED ON CBC CHANGES IN COMORBID VS. NON-COMORBID PATIENTS OF KHOST PROVINCE OF AFGHANISTAN

Maghferatullah Ataullah Amal — 2025-01-18

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in more than 248 million confirmed cases and in excess of 5 million deaths globally until November 2021. Many countries are continuing to experience epidemic waves of COVID-19. The first reported case of COVID-19 in Afghanistan was in Herat province on 24 February 2020; as of 20 July 2021, Afghanistan has reported 156 363 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 7284 deaths from the disease. We investigated the mortality rate on COVID-19 in the basis of CBC changes, correlation and impact of comorbid vs noncomorbid on incidence of COVID-19 patients of Khost province of Afghanistan. Objective: This study aimed to determine and evaluate the mortality rate in COVID-19 in the basis of CBC changes, correlation and impact of comorbid vs. non-comorbid on incidence of COVID-19 patients in Khost province of Afghanistan.

Method and Materials: It is a prospective descriptive cross sectional study on 165 COVID-19 patients of Khost province from 2024/May/17 to 2024/Aug/18. The including parameters were age categories, gender, address, comorbidities, CBC changes and mortality rate of all 165 participants under study that recorded in computer special format. COVID-19 investigation, comorbidities and CBC changes are done by special regents, micro lab, cardiac monitor and other technology for the investigation of comorbidities. Recorded findings processing, comparison and evaluation results have been identified by IBM SPSS-23 version.

Results and Discussion: The study was conducted during (3) months on 165 COVID-19 patients in SZU and KPH hospitals of Khost province. Initially we described all participants according to age. At the current study, all participants were with (mean age: 59.48 ± 21.37; range: 15-108 years). Statistical description of all participants, according to age categories, gender, address, comorbidities, CBC changes and mortality rate shows that 1-Category: Children (0-12 years): was no incidence. 2-Category: Adolescence (13-18 years): was 9(5.45). 3-Category: Adult (19-59 years): was prevalent 61(36.97), but the 4-Category: Senior adult (60 and above years); was more prevalent 95(57.58). Statistic description of all participants, according to gender shows that male was 83(50.3) and female was 82 (49.7). Statistic description of all participants, according to address shows that rural was more prevalent 137(83.0) than urban 28 (17.0). Statistic description of all participants, according to comorbidities shows that incidence of COVID-19 in comorbidities was prevalent 118(71.52) than non-morbid 47 (28.48). Statistical description of all participants, according to CBC changes shows that WBC were leukocytosis (2.50-43.30; mean: 13.74 ± 7.07). Normal range of CBC (=4.5-11.0 x109 /L) was 67(40.61); Low range of CBC (˂4.5 x x109 /L) was 4 (2.42); High range of CBC (>11.0 x109 /L) was 94(56.97). Statistical description of lymphocytes shows that lymphopenia was prevalent (0.90-20.70; mean: 9.06 ± 4.79). Normal range of lymphocytes (20-40%) was 3(1.82); Low range of lymphocytes (˂ 20%) was 162(98.18); High range of lymphocytes (>40%) was 0(0). Statistic description of granulocytes shows that granulocytosis was prevalent (69.10-96.80; mean: 86.66 ± 5.83). Normal range of granulocytes (50-70%) was 1(0.61); Low range of granulocytes (˂ 50%) was 0(0); High range of granulocytes (>70%) was 164(99.39). Statistic description of all participants, according to mortality rate shows 18(10.91). Hypotheses summarized by One-Simple Chi-Square test show that incidence of COVID19 in urban population is low. (p˂ 0.000) is significant. One-Simple Binomial- test show that COVID-19 has mortality. (p˂ 0.000) is significant. One-Simple Kolmogorov- Simonov test show that between COVID-19 incidence and high age category have positive relationship. (p˂ 0.001) is significant. One-Simple Kolmogorov- Simonov test show that in COVID-19 TLC is high. (p˂ 0.000) is significant. One-Simple Chi-Square test show that COVID-19 does not have relationship with gender, (p >0.05) and not significant. One-Simple Kolmogorov- Simonov test show that in COVID-19, there is lymphopenia, but (p >0.05) and not significant. One-Simple Kolmogorov-Simonov test show that in COVID-19, granulocytosis is present, but (p >0.05) and not significant.

Conclusion: Overall, findings of our study indicated that adult and senior adult categories of age, comorbidities and CBC changes have a positive relationship with COVID-19 mortality and COVID-19 incidence, which is higher in rural populations than urban. However, this issue needs to further investigations to confirm these findings.

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE UV-SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF VIGNA RADIATA SEED EXTRACT

Iti Chauhan — 2025-01-18

Aim: The main goal was to develop and validate a sensitive, simple, accurate, precise, ruggedness and cost-effective UV spectrophotometric method for the estimation of Vigna radiata in prepared pharmaceutical formulations of smart lipid nanoparticles.

Methodology: The standard solution was prepared in water and a calibration curve was constructed after measuring absorbance. The different analytical performance parameters such as linearity, range, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) and robustness were determined according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q2 (R1) guidelines.

Results: Vigna radiata showed a maximum absorption at a wavelength of 281 nm. Beer-Lambert’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 25-400 μg/ml with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.9968. The limit of detection and limit of quantification was found to be16.03μg/ml and 48.57μg/ml respectively. The precision and repeatability scores were all within acceptable limits. The recovery was found to be between 99.33% and 100.2% The precision and repeatability values were within a 2% tolerance range. Vigna radiata was found to have a purity of 99.33%

Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the developed procedure was accurate, precise and reproducible while being easy, environmentally friendly, repeatable, and cost-effective, and it can be used for quantification of Vigna radiata seed extract in pharmaceutical dosage forms.

INHIBITION OF INDOLEAMINE 2, 3-DIOXYGENASE (IDO) ACTIVITY OF HEMIDESMUS INDICUS ROOT EXTRACT AND ITS ATTENUATE EFFECT ON STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC CATARACT IN RATS

Dr. Tirumani Prabhakar — 2025-01-18

Background: Increased Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity has been performed in the development of cataract and IDO Inhibition with natural medicine is a therapeutic strategy for the management of diabetic cataract. Our present study assessed the inhibitory effect IDO and anti- cataract properties of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. root extracts in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats.

Material and Methods: In vitro enzyme kinetics were carried out using hIDO (purified from cloned E. coli cells) with Hemidesmus indicus root extracts. To explore in-vivo anti-cataract properties of Ethyl acetate extract (EAHI), diabetes was in SD rats by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ at dose 35 mg/kg body weight. Experimental rats were divided into four groups (Control & diabetic) orally treated with 0, 250, 350 mg/kg bw of the EAHI up to 6 weeks. The evaluation of enzymatic parameters of kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites, i.e Kynurenine, 3-hydroxy kynurenine, kynurenic acid, tryptophan and IDO expression level were examined in experimental rat lens and histopathological change were evaluated in retina by using Hematoxylin & eosin staining. .

Results: Among all, EAHI exhibited strong inhibition of hIDO activity with IC 50 value of 34.74±0.82 ug/ml in a non-competitive manner. Extract doses treated with EAHI (250 & 350 mg/kg bw) have been showed a significant alternative changes in retinal morphology, expression of IDO and were significant (p<0.05) suppresses kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites, i.e Kynurenine, 3-hydroxy kynurenine, kynurenic acid and tryptophan in experimental rat lens. Beside this, rat fed with EAHI have shown significant decreased level (p<0.05) of IDO in lenticular tissues.

Conclusion: Overall results obtained in the study concluded that EAHI possess pharmacologically active constituents attributing its IDO inhibitory potential and delaying the cataract in lenses. Thus the study clearly suggested the traditional medicinal claim of the plant Hemidesmus indicus possessing the anti-cataract drug.