Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

3D PRINTING OF PERSONALIZED ORAL SOLID DOSAGE FORMS: FORMULATION STRATEGIES, CLINICAL DRIVERS, AND TRANSLATIONAL CHALLENGES

2026-04-15T16:34:20+0530

Background: Over the past decade, additive manufacturing has enabled on-demand fabrication of patient-specific oral solid dosage forms in which dose, geometry and internal architecture are programmed from a digital design—capabilities conventional batch tableting cannot readily deliver.

Scope & Approach: This review critically examines formulation strategies underlying the development of 3D-printed personalized OSDs, with emphasis on material selection, printability, drug–polymer interactions and the impact of processing parameters on critical quality attributes, including content uniformity, mechanical integrity, and drug release performance.

Clinical Drivers: Clinical needs for personalization—such as pediatric and geriatric dosing, narrow therapeutic index drugs and scenarios requiring patient-specific release profiles—are summarized to highlight unmet therapeutic needs.

Key Findings: Advances in fused deposition modeling, semi-solid extrusion, binder jetting and inkjet printing are evaluated in the context of formulation flexibility and translational feasibility.

Conclusions: Despite substantial progress, clinical implementation remains constrained by regulatory uncertainty, scalability–personalization trade-offs, quality assurance requirements and stability considerations. Future opportunities integrating QbD, PAT and digital design tools are discussed as enablers for robust, regulatory-compliant translation of personalized 3D-printed OSDs into clinical practice.

A REVIEW OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE–DRIVEN PREDICTIVE STRATEGIES FOR THE FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT OF ORAL SOLID DOSAGE FORMS

2026-04-15T16:34:20+0530

Artificial intelligence is continuously developing in the area of Formulation Research & Development (R&D) by increasing predictive and data driven approaches in designing and development of Oral Solid Dosage (OSD) forms . Earlier, formulation development largely was dependent on multiple experimentations which was time consuming and required substantial number of resources or scientists which ultimately ended up in high development costs. AI-driven predictive modelling through machine learning, deep learning, and Quantitative Structure - Property Relationship (QSPR) techniques help in rapid prediction of the Critical Formulation Attributes (CFA's) like solubility, dissolution, stability, and bioavailability. By inserting inputs like the experimental data, API / excipient properties, and all the process parameters these models predict the desired formulation optimization and accelerate to prototype selection.

This review article summarizes the evolving role of AI in OSD formulation R&D, highlighting its application in Drug excipient compatibility prediction, process optimization, Scale up for pilot and commercial scale batches and accelerated stability prediction. Also, few points related to the challenges related to data quality, model intelligibility and regulatory acceptance are discussed. AI-driven predictive approaches hold significant promise to transform formulation R&D by enabling faster, smarter, and more efficient development of oral solid dosage forms.

THERANOSTICS DRIVEN BY NANOTECHNOLOGY NOVEL MATERIALS AND MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDINGS IN PRECISION MEDICINE

2026-04-15T16:34:20+0530

Theranostics-a novel conjunction of diagnostics and therapy in a single platform-is becoming a unique field of medicine that streamlines optimization of treatment for individual patients, known as precision medicine. The usual treatment methods generally involve diagnostic and therapeutic phases seperately, thus delay the disease observation and personalizing treatment choices. The revolution of nanotechnology in this field, modernized the nanomaterials by adhering multifunctional moieties to diagnose diseases, deliver drugs targeted to specific sites and monitor therapeutic response, is proving its versatility. Their large surface areas, as well as tunable dimensions allow easy integration of imaging agents, drugs, and targeting molecules to optimize this versatility.

This review article will focus on the application of nanotechnology-driven theranostics, giving attention to new classes of nanomaterials and their impactful applications in the realm of precision medicine. Various types of nanomaterials such as lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic and hybrid nanomaterials will be discussed that enhance synergism between diagnostic and therapy modules. We will look at their fundamental mechanisms, which include targeting strategies, stimulus responsive drug release, interactions with the biological system, cellular internalization. We also look at recent advances in imaging-guided therapies, biosensing mechanisms and in vivo monitoring of therapy. Finally, we will focus on practical implementation of nanotechnology-based theranostics into clinics such as nanotoxicity, distribution of nanoparticles into the body, challenges in production and regulatory guidelines. Lastly, future trends that can improve nanotheranostics, including biomimetic nanostructures, use of AI in design of nanomaterials and patient specific theranostic agents are critically reviewed.

DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ORAL DISINTEGRATING TABLETS OF SITAGLIPTIN

2026-04-15T16:34:21+0530

Objective: The current study's objective is to develop and evaluate oral disintegrating tablets (ODT) for Sitagliptin. Sitagliptin, a selective DPP-4 Inhibitor. Once DPP-4 mediated incretins are inactivated effects the glucose regulation in body. It is necessary to develop oral disintegrating tablet addressing specific need for convenience and enhanced drug delivery, helpful for diabetic patients with fast-paced life style.

Methods: Using various quantities of Croscaramellose sodium & Sodium starch glycolate as Superdisintegrants, ODT formulations of Sitagliptin were prepared utilizing the Direct Compression technique. Nine trials were developed and assessed for Pharmaceutical Product Performance.

Results: Findings indicate that all formulations meet the acceptance criteria, and kinetic modelling was applied to the In-Vitro dissolution profiles.

Conclusion: The formulation F₈, which is considered as best formulation, contained 5 mg of Croscaramellose sodium and 7.5 mg of Sodium starch glycolate. Formulation (F₈) follow first order (r=0.999), whereas release mechanism found to be non-fickian type (n= 0.540).

ANTICANCER PROFILING OF PHYTOCHEMICALS: A STUDY ON MCF-7 CELL LINES

2026-04-15T16:34:21+0530

Cancer remains a leading cause of global mortality, characterized by genetic mutations that lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation and resistance to conventional therapies. This study investigates the anticancer potential of various phytochemicals as safer, more targeted alternatives or adjuvants to traditional treatments. Objective of this study is to profile the pharmacological attributes and cytotoxic efficacy of diverse plant-derived compounds against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. MCF-7 cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and treated with various phytochemical concentrations. Cytotoxicity was determined using the MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay, and IC50 values were calculated. Comparative analysis revealed a wide range of ED50 values, with compounds like Sanguinarine (10 µM), Beta-Carotene (15 µM), and Sulforaphane (15 µM) exhibiting high potency. Key mechanisms identified include the inhibition of the NF-kB pathway, induction of p53 and SOCS proteins, and modulation of the apoptotic index. Phytochemicals demonstrate significant pleiotropic effects on cancer signaling pathways. While some compounds like Curcumin and Resveratrol face bioavailability challenges, their ability to target multiple survival axes makes them promising candidates for future chemopreventive and therapeutic strategies.

ASSESSMENT OF ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS REPORTED IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN NORTHERN INDIA

2026-04-15T16:34:21+0530

Introduction: Periodic monitoring of ADRs in hospital settings is crucial to identifying risks associated with drug use and ensuring patient safety and public health.

Aim and Objectives: To evaluate the pattern of ADRs reported to the AMC GMC, Kathua.

Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study conducted from May 2023 - May 2025.

Results: A total of 66 ADRs were evaluated. The most affected group was females (59%) and mean age was 45 years. Antimicrobials (27.2%) were the leading cause of ADRs followed by analgesics (18.18%). Almost all the ADRs were contributed by clinicians of the institution (91%). Majority (36.2%) of cases were contributed by Obstetrics and Gynaecology department (22.7%) followed by department of Psychiatry (18.18%).

Conclusion: The results of this study highlight the importance of conducting awareness programs and educating the general public, pharmacists and dentists regarding the spontaneous reporting of ADRs to promote rational prescribing of drugs.

DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT BASED STUDY OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE UV ABSORPTION OF ASPIRIN

2026-04-15T16:34:21+0530

The degradation studies are essential for pharmaceutical products as they give information about the stability of pharmaceutical products under various stress conditions. The studies provide information about the degradation pathways and degradation products that could form during storage. Forced degradation studies may help facilitate pharmaceutical development as well in areas such as formulation development, manufacturing, and packaging, in which knowledge of chemical behavior can be used to improve a drug product. Acetylsalicylic acid, or aspirin, was introduced in the late 1890s and has been used to treat as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication (NSAID) for treating minor aches and pains, it is also commonly found in wastewater effluent. Moreover, it is used as an antipyretic to reduce fever, as an anti-inflammatory drug, and to reduce the risk of mortality from a heart attack. For proper risk assessment of Aspirin and a better understanding of the factors involved in its environmental fate, different factors were studied that were involved in the degradation of aspirin. Effect on degradation was studied for three factors, i.e., time, temperature, and concentration of oxidant at three different levels using the Design of experiment (DoE) approach. Absorbance was selected as a response that would signify the extent of degradation of the drug. All three factors the concentration of oxidant, temperature, and time were involved in degradation.

A PROSPECTIVE COMPARISON OF OPEN FISTULECTOMY VS. STANDARD FISTULOTOMY FOR LOW-LYING CRYPTOGLANDULAR ANAL FISTULAE: A MULTICENTER RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL

2026-04-15T16:34:21+0530

Background: Fistula-in-ano, arises from cryptoglandular infection, necessitates surgical management meant for eliminating the pathological tract while strictly preserving anal sphincter function. For low-lying fistulae (Garg Grade I-II), both fistulotomy (laying open the tract) and fistulectomy (complete excision) are utilized, yet consensus remains elusive regarding optimal recovery dynamics, particularly concerning postoperative pain and wound healing time. This trial aimed to definitively compare these two standard procedures in a standardized patient cohort.

Materials and Methods: This study enrolled 120 patients presenting with simple, low-lying intersphincteric or low transsphincteric anal fistulae in a prospective, randomized, single-blinded trial (1:1 allocation: $n=60$ fistulotomy, $n=60$ fistulectomy). Patients with systemic disease or complex fistulae were excluded. Primary endpoints were mean wound healing time (days) and acute postoperative pain (Visual Analog Scale, VAS). Secondary endpoints included operative time, length of hospital stay (LOS), and 12-month complication rates (recurrence and incontinence using the Wexner score).

Results: This trial concludes that for low-lying anal fistulae, **fistulotomy is the preferred standard of care**, demonstrating significant superiority over fistulectomy. Fistulotomy offered greater efficiency with dramatically shorter operative times and hospital stays, alongside accelerated patient recovery. It resulted in significantly lower acute pain and accelerated wound healing by over one week ($27.5$ days vs $39.1$ days, $p<0.001$). Both procedures were equally effective long-term, showing equivalent, low rates of recurrence and sphincter incontinence. (74 words).

Conclusion: For low-variety anal fistulae, standard fistulotomy offers statistically and clinically superior outcomes in terms of operative efficiency, reduction of acute pain, and acceleration of wound epithelialization, without increasing the risk of recurrence or functional impairment compared to fistulectomy. Fistulotomy is validated for the preferred standard of care, optimizing resource utilization and minimizing patient morbidity.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS OF LISINOPRIL

2026-04-15T16:34:21+0530

Objective: The current study's objective is to develop and evaluate Fast dissolving tablets (FDT) of Lisinopril. Lisinopril, an Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (ACEI), preventing the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. To improve patient compliance making convenience is crucial. hence an effort was made by formulating it as the fast dissolving tablet to reduce the water intake for chronic kidney patients suffered from hypertension.

Methods: Using various quantities of Vivasol & Explotab as Superdisintegrants, FDT formulations of Lisinopril were preared utilising the Direct Compression technique. Nine trials were developed and assessed for Pharmaceutical Product Performance.

Results: Findings indicate that all formulations meet the acceptance criteria, and kinetic modelling was applied to the in-vitro dissolution profiles.

Conclusion: The best formulation (F₁) contained 5 mg of Vivasol and 5 mg of Explotab showed promising results for obtain quicker disintegration and may produce patient compliance by means of rapid onset of action and preventing first pas effect too. Formulation (F₁) follow first order (r= 0.934), whereas release mechanism found to be fickian type (n= 0.267).

PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOGNOSTICAL SCREENING OF LEAVES OF SOLANUN INDICUM

2026-04-15T16:34:21+0530

Introduction: Solanum indicum (also known as S. violaceum Ortega or S. anguivi Lam.) is a medicinal plant that is utilized in Indian medical systems such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani to treat a variety of ailments. An attempt has been made to highlight this folk herbal medicine through the present study, which will assist in standardization for quality, purity, and sample identification.

Materials and methods: Thus, this study is an attempt to present an overview of pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluation reported on this plant. Various standardization parameters like morphological characters, microscopic evaluation, physico-chemical evaluations (foreign matter, loss on drying, ash values, extractive values), preliminary phytochemical screening, TLC fingerprint, qualitative HPTLC of the extract and fluorescence analysis of powdered crude drug were carried out and the qualitative parameters were reported.

Results: The physicochemical parameters such as moisture content, ethanol- and water-soluble extractive, total ash, acid insoluble ash value were determined. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, steroids, and terpenoids in the ethanolic extracts of leaf of this plant.

Conclusion: The present study on pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical standards could be useful information for authentication and preparation monograph for S. indicum.