Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

NANOROBOTS: THE TINY HEROS FIGHTING CANCER

Nishat Shaik, SK. Saniya Meerza, V. Nirmal Kumar, Atchuta Kumar — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0530

Introduction: Cancer is one of the most challenging diseases globally. Early cancer detection is pivotal for improving patient outcomes and survival rates; however, it remains a significant challenge owing to the asymptomatic nature of early-stage malignancies and the limitations of existing diagnostic tools. Traditional therapeutic strategies-including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Nanorobots are emerging as a groundbreaking approach for cancer detection and treatment. Objective: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the design principles, working mechanism, biomedical applications of nanorobots in cancer diagnosis and treatment, highlighting their advantages, challenges and future prospects. Methods: An extensive literature survey was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. Studies published between 2000 and 2025 that focused on nanorobot fabrication, targeting mechanism, therapeutic delivery and imaging studies were critically reviewed and summarized. Results: These nanoscale devices are designed to navigate biological environments with precision, enabling the identification of cancerous cells at the molecular level, targeted drug delivery, and real-time monitoring. Magnetic, chemical and biohybrid nanorobots have shown improved drug localization, reduced systemic toxicity, and enhanced therapeutic outcomes compared to traditional therapies. Despite these advantages, technical complexities, immune clearance and regulatory hurdles remain major barriers to clinical translation. Conclusion: Nanorobots represent a transformative innovation in precision oncology integrating diagnostics and therapeutics into a
single platform. On-going regulatory frameworks will be crucial to bring nanorobot-based cancer therapy from concept to clinical reality.

NANOCARRIERS FOR MULTIDRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS (MDR TB) THERAPY: A STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW

Sat, 29 Nov 2025 16:09:44 +0530

Background: Multidrug Resistant tuberculosis is a significant global health problem because of low drug efficacy, low bioavailability and high side effect of the traditional therapy. Nanocarrier mediated drug delivery systems have been reported to an effective approach for improving therapeutic effects by enhancing the solubility of drugs, targeted delivery and minimizing systemic toxicity. Objective: This review provides a current overview of recent developments in nanocarriers for MDR TB treatment, emphasizing their ability to bypass drug resistance mechanisms, improve pharmacokinetics & increase patient compliance. Methodology: An extensive literature search was made via PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, on studies (2010–2025) on polymeric nanoparticles, lipid carriers, inorganic nanoparticles, and hybrid systems for the treatment of MDR-TB. Critical parameters like drug loading efficiency, release rate, in vitro/in vivo efficacy, and toxicity profiles were evaluated. Results: Nanocarriers like liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric micelles and mesoporous silica nanoparticles have enhanced drug stability, controlled release and better targeting towards infected macrophages. Ligand conjugated nanocarriers enhance cellular uptake and minimize off targeting. Preclinical evidence indicates dramatic reductions in bacterial load and treatment duration when compared to free drugs. Some issues still remain regarding scalability, regulatory clearance, and long-term safety. Conclusion: Nanocarrier derived delivery systems have immense potential to transform the management of MDR TB by overcoming pharmacokinetic barriers and resistance mechanisms. Areas to target in the future should be clinical translation, combination therapy, and smart stimulus responsive systems for efficient TB management.

ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS PREPARED BY DECOCTION AND PERCOLATION TECHNIQUES

Kalpesh Gaur, Mukul Choudhary, Mahendra Singh Rathore — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 16:14:31 +0530

Background: The growing prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens necessitates novel therapeutic approaches, including the use of plant-derived bioactive compounds in combination with conventional antibiotics. Objective: This study investigates the extractive yields, antibacterial activity, and potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa, Syzygium aromaticum, and Thymus vulgaris using two extraction techniques—decoction and percolation. Material and Methods: Extractive yields were quantified, and in vitro antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp.) using agar well diffusion and disc diffusion methods. Results & Discussion: Decoction extracts showed moderate inhibition, while percolation extracts demonstrated superior activity, particularly against B. cereus, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa. Studies revealed significant enhancement of antimicrobial efficacy when plant extracts were combined with Streptomycin or Fluconazole, particularly against resistant Gram-negative strains. Conclusion: These findings suggest that plant-antibiotic combinations represent a promising approach for combating antimicrobial resistance.

DISCOVERY OF CYANOPHAGE (A VIRUS THAT KILLS CYANOBACTERIA) AGAINST MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA FROM THE STAGNANT WATER OF THE RIVER GANGA

Dr. Raghvendra Raman Mishra, Pragya Mishra, Mandira Narzary, Abhijit Kumar — Sat, 29 Nov 2025 16:19:30 +0530

Background: Microcystis aeruginosa is one of the highly noxious cyanobacteria that frequently form dense blooms in eutrophic freshwaters. Its toxic nature is responsible for the death of livestock and wildlife, and is also associated with serious problems in water management.

Aim: In this project our aim is to identify toxic cyanobacteria, i.e. Microcystis aeruginosa, from the stagnant water of the river Ganga, and also to discover lytic viruses (cyanophage) against them.

Materials and Methods: A surface water sample was collected from accumulated water near the river Ganga bank of the Mirzapur region during 15^th January to 5^th March 2025, having a cyanobacterial bloom. It was cultured in BG-11 medium by using a cycle consisting of 12 hours (h) of darkness and 12 h of light (ca. 40 mol photons m ^-2s ^-1) provided by cool white fluorescent illumination at 30°C. Bioavailability assessment of micronutrients was performed for cultured cyanobacteria. These water samples was successively filtered through 0.8µm and 0.2µm polycarbonate membranes and then collect 100µl of the filtrate and it was inoculated into 900µl exponentially growing cyanobacterial culture strains. The cultures were incubated for a week. Growth inhibition was observed only in the culture inoculated with the filtrate. A clonal infectious agent was isolated from the lysed culture using three cycles of an extinction dilution procedure followed by plaque assay technology. 200µl of a fresh clonal cyanophage suspension was added to 800µl exponentially growing cultures of the hosts. The cultures were incubated as described above and monitored daily for host cell lysis using optical microscopy.

Results: Identified cyanobacteria were morphologically Microcystis aeruginosa. Induced viruses that kill cyanobacteria are considered cyanophages. Cyanophages lysed the cultures after 8^thdays were considered to show the presence of cyanophage against M. aeruginosa in the water sample.

Conclusion: The Presence of Microcystis aeruginosa in Ganga River water is a serious threat to the water. The discovery of cyanobacterial lytic virus opens new hope for the removal of such blooms.

EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF ALBENDAZOLE-BASED MEDICINES SEIZED ON THE ILLICIT MARKET IN CÔTE D’IVOIRE

Sat, 29 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0530

Introduction Substandard and falsified medicines pose a global threat, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where approximately 10 % of consumed medicines fall into this category. In Côte d’Ivoire, such products are often sold in open-air street markets. Among these, antiinfectives—especially antiparasitics like albendazole—are commonly encountered. Method This study assessed the quality of albendazole in medicines seized by the Directorate of Narcotics and Drugs Control (DPSD) using the GPHF-Minilab® kit, a portable quality-control tool. Results : Of the 15 samples analyzed, 14 exhibited anomalies on visual inspection, 33 % failed disintegration criteria, and 33 % had an assay of active ingredient outside acceptable limits. These findings highlight public health risks associated with consuming these products and underscore the need to strengthen quality-control measures. They also confirm the value of the GPHF-Minilab® in resource-limited settings.