AN EXHAUSTIVE REVIEW ON HERBS USED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorders associated with disturbed hormonal secretion. Diabetes is characterized by high blood glucose levels over a prolonged period of time. High sugar levels are due to abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids which is caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency. Herbal medicines have been the highly esteemed source of medicine throughout the human history. Herbs are becoming more popular today because of their least side effects, holistic beliefs, easy availability and low cost. Individual herbal products and formulations are gaining popularity because of their quality manufacturing using modern analytical techniques and standardized raw materials. Herbal drugs are widely used for the treatment of diabetes worldwide in various dosage forms. India has a long list of native herbal drugs with scientifically proven blood sugar lowering properties. The seeds of Nigella sativa, Olea europaea, fruits of Aegle marmelos, Momordica charantia, Coccinia indica, Nigella sativa,Gymnema sylvestre leaves,whole plant of Pterocarpus marsupium, Syzygium cumini fruits, Swertia punicea, Urtica dioica, gum of Ferula assa-foetida and seeds of Trigonella foenum graecum were discussed along with their reported mechanisms of action. In this review paper an attempt has been made to give an overview of certain Indian plants which have shown their anti-diabetic activity in various pre-clinical studies.
Keywords:
Diabetes mellitus, Hypoglycaemic effect, Insulin, Glucose, Herbal Medicines, Standardized
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References
1. Prasad SK, Kulshreshtha A, Taj NQ. Antidiabetic activity of some herbal plants in streptozotocin induced diabetic albino rats. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2009; 8(5): 551-557.
2. Atangwho IJ, Ebong PE, Egbung GE, Akpaso MI, Asuquo EE. Histological effect of combined extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Azadirachta indica on normal and diabetic rats: the pancreas and liver. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences. 2010; 6(4): 514-521.
3. Messier C. Impact of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes on cognitive aging. Neurobiology of Aging. 2005; 26(S1): 26-30.
4. Reunanen A, Kangas T, Martikainen J, Klaukka T. Nationwide survey of comorbidity, use and costs of all medications in Finnish diabetic individuals. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(9): 1265-1271.
5. Andaloussi AB, Martineau LC, Spoor D, Vuong T, Leduc C, Joly E, Burt A, Meddah B, Settaf A, Arnason JT, Prentki M, Haddad PS. Antidiabetic activity of Nigella sativa. seed extract in cultured pancreatic β-cells, skeletal muscle cells, and adipocytes, Pharmaceutical Biology, 46:1-2, 96-104.
6. Shirwaikar A, Rajendran K, Barik R. Effect of aqueous bark extract of Garuga pinnata Roxb. in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type-II diabetes mellitus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006; 107(2):285-90.
7. Baynes JW. Role of oxidative stress in development of complications in diabetes. Diabetes. 1991; 40(4):405-412.
8. Abdelmeguid NE, Fakhoury R, Kamal SM, Al Wafai RJ. Effects of Nigella sativa and thymoquinone on biochemical and subcellular changes in pancreatic ß-cells of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Diabetes. 2010; 2(4):256-266.
9. Meral I, Yener Z, Kahraman T, Mert N. Effect of Nigella sativa on glucose concentration, lipid peroxidation, anti-oxidant defence system and liver damage in experimentally-induced diabetic rabbits. Journal of Veterinary Medicine- A. Physiology, Pathology, Clinical Medicine.2001; 48(10):593-599.
10. Tierney AC, Roche HM. The potential role of olive oil-derived MUFA in insulin sensitivity. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. 2007; 51(10): 1235-1248.
11. Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. Long-term effects of low glycemic index/load vs. high glycemic index/load diets on parameters of obesity and obesity-associated risks: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2013; 23(8): 699-706.
12. Kiritsakis A. Olive oil- from the tree to the table. 2nd Edition. Trumbull, Connecticut: Food and Nutrition Press Inc., USA, p. 006611.
13. Visioli F, Poli A, Galli C. Antioxidant and other biological activities of phenols from olives and olive oil. Medicinal Research Reviews. 2002; 22(1):65-75.
14. Misra KK 1999. "Bael". NewCROP, the New Crop Resource Online Program, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, and IN. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
15. The Wealth of India, 1985. The Wealth of India, First Supplement Series, Vol. 1A, Reprint, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR), New Delhi.
16. Kuttan R, Sabu MC. Antidiabetic activity of Aegle marmelos and its relationship with its antioxidant properties. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2004; 48 (1): 81-88.
17. Gupta D, John PP, Kumar P, Jain J, Kaushik R, Gupta MK. Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of unripe and half ripe Aegle Marmelos Corr. fruits. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013; 3(2):1378-1393.
18. Pillai NR, Ghosh D, Uma R, Ananda KA. Hypoglycaemic activity of Coccinia indica, W.&A. Bulletin of Medical and Ethnobotanical Research. 1980; 1(2): 234-242.
19. Mukherjee BB, Chandrasekar, Mukherjee SK. Blood sugar lowering effect of Coccinia indica root and whole plant in different experimental models. Fitoterapia. 1988; 59(3): 207-210.
20. Kapoor LD. CRC Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants-Herbal reference library, 1990. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 200-201.
21. Sahu N, Mahato SB, Sarkar SK, Poddar G. Triterpenoid saponis from Gymnema sylvestre. Phytochemistry. 1996; 41(4): 1181-1185.
22. Murray M, Pizzorno JE. Textbook of Natural Medicine, 1999, 2nd Ed. In: Diabetes mellitus. Pizzorno Jr JE, Murray MT. Churchill Livingstone, New York. p. 1193-1218.
23. Nakamura Y, Tsumura Y, Tonogai Y, Shibata T. Fecal steroid excretion is increased in rats by oral administration of gymnemic acids contained in Gymnema sylvestre leaves. The Journal of Nutrition. 129(6): 1214-1222
24. Kanetkar PV, Laddha KS, Kamat MY. Gymnemic acids: A molecular perspective of its action on carbohydrate metabolism, Poster presented at the 16th ICFOST meet organized by CFTRI and DFRL, 2004. Mysore, India.
25. DeFronzo RA. Pharmacologic therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1999; 131(4): 281-303.
26. Liu B, Asare-Anane H, Al-Romaiyan A, Huang G, Amiel SA, Jones PM, Persaud SJ. Characterisation of the insulinotropic activity of an aqueous extract of Gymnema sylvestre in mouse-cells and Human Islets of Langerhans. International Journal of Experimental Cellular Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology. 2009; 23(1-3): 125-132.
27. Srivastava Y, Venkatakrishna BH, Verma Y, Venkaiah K, Raval BH. Anti-diabetic and adaptogenic properties of Momordica charantia extract: An experimental and clinical evaluation. Phytotherapy Research. 1993; 7(4): 285-89.
28. Taylor L. Herbal secrets of the rainforest. In: Texas A, editor. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) 2nd Ed. USA: Sage Press; 2002. pp. 1-100.
29. Garau C, Cummings E, Phoenix DA, Singh J. Beneficial effects and mechanism of action of Momordica charantia in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: a mini review. International Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism. 2003; 11(3):46-55.
30. Mishra SB, Rao CHV, Ojha SK, Vijayakumar M, Verma A, Alok S. An analytical review of plants for anti diabetic activity with their phytoconstituent and mechanism of action. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2010; 1(1):29-46.
31. Ragasa CY, Alimboyoguen AB, Shen CC, Del Fierro RS, Raga DD. 2011. Hypoglycemic effects of tea extracts and sterols from Momordica charantia. Journal of Natural Remedies. 11(1):44-53.
32. Cummings E, Hundal HS, Wackerhage H, Hope M, Belle M, Adeghate E, Singh J. Momordica charantia fruit juice stimulates glucose and amino acid uptakes in L6 myotubes. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2004; 261(1-2):99-104.
33. Akhtar N, Khan BA, Majid A, Khan S, Mahmood T, Gulfishan. Pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical evaluation of extracts from different plant parts of indigenous origin for their hypoglycemic responses in rabbits. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica-Drug Research. 2011; 68(6):919-925.
34. Uebanso T, Arai H, Taketani Y, Fukaya M, Yamamoto H, Mizuno A, Uryu K, Hada T, Takeda E. Extracts of Momordicacharantia supress postprandial hyperglycemia in rats. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 2007; 53(6):482-486.
35. Shibib BA, Khan LA, Rahman R. Hypoglycaemic activity enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase and elevation of both liver and red-cell shunt enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Biochemistry Journal. 1993; 292:267-270.
36. Agnivesha, Prameha Chikitsa, Charaka Samhita. 5th Ed. Varanasi: Choukamba Sanskrita Samsthana; 2001. pp. 446-447.
37. Halagappa K, Girish HN, Srinivasan BP. The study of aqueous extract of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. on cytokine TNF-α in type 2 diabetic rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2010; 42(6): 392–396.
38. Chhetri DR, Parajuli P, Subba GC. Antidiabetic plants used by Sikkim and Darjeeling Himalayan tribes, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2005; 99(2), 199-202.
39. Islam D, Huque A, Sheuly, Mohanta LC, Das SK, Sultana A, Evena PL, Prodhan UK. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Nelumbo nucifera flower in Long-Evans rats. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology. 2018; 7(3), 148-54.
40. Ahuja A, Koul S, Kaul BL, Verma NK, Kaul MK, Raina RK, Qazi GN. Media Composition for Faster Propagation of Swertia chirayita. US Patent No. W0 03/045132 A1.
41. Eigner D, Scholz D. Ferula assa-foetida and Curcuma longa in traditional medical treatment and diet in Nepal. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999; 67(1):1–6.
42. Davis SN. Goodman and Gilman’s-The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th Ed., 2006. New York: Pergamon Press, USA.
43. Warrier P, Nambiar V, Ramankutty C. Indian Medical Plants. Vol. 5. Hyderabad:Orient Longman Ltd;1996. pp. 225-228.
44. Madiseh RM, Karimian P, Kafeshani M, Kopaei RM. The effects of ethanol extract of Berberis vulgaris fruit on histopathological changes and biochemical markers of the liver damage in diabetic rats. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 2017; 20(5), 552-556.
45. Virgilio DN, Papazogloub EG, Jankauskienec Z, Lonardod SD, Praczyke M, Wielgusze K. The potential of stinging UD (Urtica dioica L.) as a crop with multiple uses. Industrial Crops and Products. 2015; 68: 42-49.
46. Namazi N, Tarighat A, Bahrami A. The effect of hydro-alcoholic Urtica dioica extracts on oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes. A randomized double-blind clinical trial. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2012; 15(2): 98-102.
47. Mamta S, Preeti K. Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle): A review of its chemical, pharmacological, toxicological and ethnomedical properties. International Journal of Pharmacy. 2014; 4(1): 270-277.
48. Xie W, Yunan Z, Yaou Z. Traditional chinese medicines in treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011; Article ID 726723, 1-13.
49. Liu Y, Kakani RK, Nair MG. Compounds in functional food fenugreek spice exhibit antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities. Food Chemistry. 131(4): 1187-1192.
50. Yadav R, Gupta D, Kaushik R. The health benefits of Trigonella foenum-graecum: A review. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications. 2011; 1(1):32-35.
51. Yadav R, Kaushik R. A Study of Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological actions of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum: A Review. International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2011; 3(2):1022-1028.
52. Kavishankar GB, Lakshmidevi N, Mahadeva MS, Prakash HS, Niranjana SR. Diabetes and medicinal plants-A review. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences. 2011; 2 (3): 65-80.
2. Atangwho IJ, Ebong PE, Egbung GE, Akpaso MI, Asuquo EE. Histological effect of combined extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Azadirachta indica on normal and diabetic rats: the pancreas and liver. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences. 2010; 6(4): 514-521.
3. Messier C. Impact of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes on cognitive aging. Neurobiology of Aging. 2005; 26(S1): 26-30.
4. Reunanen A, Kangas T, Martikainen J, Klaukka T. Nationwide survey of comorbidity, use and costs of all medications in Finnish diabetic individuals. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(9): 1265-1271.
5. Andaloussi AB, Martineau LC, Spoor D, Vuong T, Leduc C, Joly E, Burt A, Meddah B, Settaf A, Arnason JT, Prentki M, Haddad PS. Antidiabetic activity of Nigella sativa. seed extract in cultured pancreatic β-cells, skeletal muscle cells, and adipocytes, Pharmaceutical Biology, 46:1-2, 96-104.
6. Shirwaikar A, Rajendran K, Barik R. Effect of aqueous bark extract of Garuga pinnata Roxb. in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type-II diabetes mellitus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006; 107(2):285-90.
7. Baynes JW. Role of oxidative stress in development of complications in diabetes. Diabetes. 1991; 40(4):405-412.
8. Abdelmeguid NE, Fakhoury R, Kamal SM, Al Wafai RJ. Effects of Nigella sativa and thymoquinone on biochemical and subcellular changes in pancreatic ß-cells of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Diabetes. 2010; 2(4):256-266.
9. Meral I, Yener Z, Kahraman T, Mert N. Effect of Nigella sativa on glucose concentration, lipid peroxidation, anti-oxidant defence system and liver damage in experimentally-induced diabetic rabbits. Journal of Veterinary Medicine- A. Physiology, Pathology, Clinical Medicine.2001; 48(10):593-599.
10. Tierney AC, Roche HM. The potential role of olive oil-derived MUFA in insulin sensitivity. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. 2007; 51(10): 1235-1248.
11. Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. Long-term effects of low glycemic index/load vs. high glycemic index/load diets on parameters of obesity and obesity-associated risks: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2013; 23(8): 699-706.
12. Kiritsakis A. Olive oil- from the tree to the table. 2nd Edition. Trumbull, Connecticut: Food and Nutrition Press Inc., USA, p. 006611.
13. Visioli F, Poli A, Galli C. Antioxidant and other biological activities of phenols from olives and olive oil. Medicinal Research Reviews. 2002; 22(1):65-75.
14. Misra KK 1999. "Bael". NewCROP, the New Crop Resource Online Program, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, and IN. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
15. The Wealth of India, 1985. The Wealth of India, First Supplement Series, Vol. 1A, Reprint, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR), New Delhi.
16. Kuttan R, Sabu MC. Antidiabetic activity of Aegle marmelos and its relationship with its antioxidant properties. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2004; 48 (1): 81-88.
17. Gupta D, John PP, Kumar P, Jain J, Kaushik R, Gupta MK. Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of unripe and half ripe Aegle Marmelos Corr. fruits. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013; 3(2):1378-1393.
18. Pillai NR, Ghosh D, Uma R, Ananda KA. Hypoglycaemic activity of Coccinia indica, W.&A. Bulletin of Medical and Ethnobotanical Research. 1980; 1(2): 234-242.
19. Mukherjee BB, Chandrasekar, Mukherjee SK. Blood sugar lowering effect of Coccinia indica root and whole plant in different experimental models. Fitoterapia. 1988; 59(3): 207-210.
20. Kapoor LD. CRC Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants-Herbal reference library, 1990. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 200-201.
21. Sahu N, Mahato SB, Sarkar SK, Poddar G. Triterpenoid saponis from Gymnema sylvestre. Phytochemistry. 1996; 41(4): 1181-1185.
22. Murray M, Pizzorno JE. Textbook of Natural Medicine, 1999, 2nd Ed. In: Diabetes mellitus. Pizzorno Jr JE, Murray MT. Churchill Livingstone, New York. p. 1193-1218.
23. Nakamura Y, Tsumura Y, Tonogai Y, Shibata T. Fecal steroid excretion is increased in rats by oral administration of gymnemic acids contained in Gymnema sylvestre leaves. The Journal of Nutrition. 129(6): 1214-1222
24. Kanetkar PV, Laddha KS, Kamat MY. Gymnemic acids: A molecular perspective of its action on carbohydrate metabolism, Poster presented at the 16th ICFOST meet organized by CFTRI and DFRL, 2004. Mysore, India.
25. DeFronzo RA. Pharmacologic therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1999; 131(4): 281-303.
26. Liu B, Asare-Anane H, Al-Romaiyan A, Huang G, Amiel SA, Jones PM, Persaud SJ. Characterisation of the insulinotropic activity of an aqueous extract of Gymnema sylvestre in mouse-cells and Human Islets of Langerhans. International Journal of Experimental Cellular Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology. 2009; 23(1-3): 125-132.
27. Srivastava Y, Venkatakrishna BH, Verma Y, Venkaiah K, Raval BH. Anti-diabetic and adaptogenic properties of Momordica charantia extract: An experimental and clinical evaluation. Phytotherapy Research. 1993; 7(4): 285-89.
28. Taylor L. Herbal secrets of the rainforest. In: Texas A, editor. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) 2nd Ed. USA: Sage Press; 2002. pp. 1-100.
29. Garau C, Cummings E, Phoenix DA, Singh J. Beneficial effects and mechanism of action of Momordica charantia in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: a mini review. International Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism. 2003; 11(3):46-55.
30. Mishra SB, Rao CHV, Ojha SK, Vijayakumar M, Verma A, Alok S. An analytical review of plants for anti diabetic activity with their phytoconstituent and mechanism of action. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2010; 1(1):29-46.
31. Ragasa CY, Alimboyoguen AB, Shen CC, Del Fierro RS, Raga DD. 2011. Hypoglycemic effects of tea extracts and sterols from Momordica charantia. Journal of Natural Remedies. 11(1):44-53.
32. Cummings E, Hundal HS, Wackerhage H, Hope M, Belle M, Adeghate E, Singh J. Momordica charantia fruit juice stimulates glucose and amino acid uptakes in L6 myotubes. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2004; 261(1-2):99-104.
33. Akhtar N, Khan BA, Majid A, Khan S, Mahmood T, Gulfishan. Pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical evaluation of extracts from different plant parts of indigenous origin for their hypoglycemic responses in rabbits. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica-Drug Research. 2011; 68(6):919-925.
34. Uebanso T, Arai H, Taketani Y, Fukaya M, Yamamoto H, Mizuno A, Uryu K, Hada T, Takeda E. Extracts of Momordicacharantia supress postprandial hyperglycemia in rats. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 2007; 53(6):482-486.
35. Shibib BA, Khan LA, Rahman R. Hypoglycaemic activity enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase and elevation of both liver and red-cell shunt enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Biochemistry Journal. 1993; 292:267-270.
36. Agnivesha, Prameha Chikitsa, Charaka Samhita. 5th Ed. Varanasi: Choukamba Sanskrita Samsthana; 2001. pp. 446-447.
37. Halagappa K, Girish HN, Srinivasan BP. The study of aqueous extract of Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. on cytokine TNF-α in type 2 diabetic rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2010; 42(6): 392–396.
38. Chhetri DR, Parajuli P, Subba GC. Antidiabetic plants used by Sikkim and Darjeeling Himalayan tribes, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2005; 99(2), 199-202.
39. Islam D, Huque A, Sheuly, Mohanta LC, Das SK, Sultana A, Evena PL, Prodhan UK. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Nelumbo nucifera flower in Long-Evans rats. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology. 2018; 7(3), 148-54.
40. Ahuja A, Koul S, Kaul BL, Verma NK, Kaul MK, Raina RK, Qazi GN. Media Composition for Faster Propagation of Swertia chirayita. US Patent No. W0 03/045132 A1.
41. Eigner D, Scholz D. Ferula assa-foetida and Curcuma longa in traditional medical treatment and diet in Nepal. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1999; 67(1):1–6.
42. Davis SN. Goodman and Gilman’s-The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th Ed., 2006. New York: Pergamon Press, USA.
43. Warrier P, Nambiar V, Ramankutty C. Indian Medical Plants. Vol. 5. Hyderabad:Orient Longman Ltd;1996. pp. 225-228.
44. Madiseh RM, Karimian P, Kafeshani M, Kopaei RM. The effects of ethanol extract of Berberis vulgaris fruit on histopathological changes and biochemical markers of the liver damage in diabetic rats. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 2017; 20(5), 552-556.
45. Virgilio DN, Papazogloub EG, Jankauskienec Z, Lonardod SD, Praczyke M, Wielgusze K. The potential of stinging UD (Urtica dioica L.) as a crop with multiple uses. Industrial Crops and Products. 2015; 68: 42-49.
46. Namazi N, Tarighat A, Bahrami A. The effect of hydro-alcoholic Urtica dioica extracts on oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes. A randomized double-blind clinical trial. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2012; 15(2): 98-102.
47. Mamta S, Preeti K. Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle): A review of its chemical, pharmacological, toxicological and ethnomedical properties. International Journal of Pharmacy. 2014; 4(1): 270-277.
48. Xie W, Yunan Z, Yaou Z. Traditional chinese medicines in treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011; Article ID 726723, 1-13.
49. Liu Y, Kakani RK, Nair MG. Compounds in functional food fenugreek spice exhibit antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities. Food Chemistry. 131(4): 1187-1192.
50. Yadav R, Gupta D, Kaushik R. The health benefits of Trigonella foenum-graecum: A review. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications. 2011; 1(1):32-35.
51. Yadav R, Kaushik R. A Study of Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological actions of Trigonella Foenum-Graecum: A Review. International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2011; 3(2):1022-1028.
52. Kavishankar GB, Lakshmidevi N, Mahadeva MS, Prakash HS, Niranjana SR. Diabetes and medicinal plants-A review. International Journal of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences. 2011; 2 (3): 65-80.
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Mau, S., S. Saleem, V. Kimothi, V. Joshi, and S. Singh. “AN EXHAUSTIVE REVIEW ON HERBS USED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2”. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Vol. 2, no. 2, July 2019, pp. 5-11, doi:10.31069/japsr.v2i2.2.
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