Aspaghol (Plantago ovata Forssk.): A Scoping Review of Unani Concepts, Multi-Omics Profiling and Pharmacotherapeutics
Abstract
Background: Aspaghol (Plantago ovata Forssk.) is a medicinal herb renowned for its extensive therapeutic application in the Unani System of Medicine (USM). While the seed husk is primarily recognized as a source of dietary fiber and bulk laxative, there is growing emphasis on its broader pharmacological profile, exhibited by various parts of this plant.
Aim: This review aims to integrate the medicinal applications of Aspaghol within USM, its multi-omics profiling, and a comprehensive evaluation of pharmacological actions.
Materials and Methods: Classical Unani literature was systematically examined alongside electronic databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar, for relevant studies available from January 2015 to February 2026. Unani terminology was standardized in accordance with WHO guidelines, while plant taxonomy was verified using the World Flora Online Plant List.
Results: In USM, Aspaghol is characterized as possessing cold and moist temperament. It is also utilized in managing conditions such as Zaḥīr (Dysentery), Saḥj-o-Qurūḥ-i-Am‘ā’ (intestinal abrasion), Rabw (bronchial asthma), Sarsām (meningitis), Khafqān (palpitation), Niqris (gout), and Ḥummā al-Ḥādda (acute fever), among others. Parallelly, evidence from recent meta-analyses establishes its efficacy in managing metabolic syndrome, specifically hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and obesity. Concurrently, data from multi-omics studies have identified a rich array of bioactive phytoconstituents across different plant parts, including luteolin, kaempferol, and phenylethanoid glycosides, alongside the development of a reference genome to elucidate their molecular mechanisms.
Conclusion: Aspaghol remains a versatile drug for managing gastrointestinal and extra-gastrointestinal ailments. By synergizing Unani clinical wisdom with contemporary omics driven insights, this review establishes a robust molecular framework for validating these time-honored indications through a reverse pharmacology paradigm, potentially accelerating the transition from ancient empiricism to evidence-based medicine.
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