THERANOSTICS DRIVEN BY NANOTECHNOLOGY NOVEL MATERIALS AND MECHANISTIC UNDERSTANDINGS IN PRECISION MEDICINE
Abstract
Theranostics-a novel conjunction of diagnostics and therapy in a single platform-is becoming a unique field of medicine that streamlines optimization of treatment for individual patients, known as precision medicine. The usual treatment methods generally involve diagnostic and therapeutic phases seperately, thus delay the disease observation and personalizing treatment choices. The revolution of nanotechnology in this field, modernized the nanomaterials by adhering multifunctional moieties to diagnose diseases, deliver drugs targeted to specific sites and monitor therapeutic response, is proving its versatility. Their large surface areas, as well as tunable dimensions allow easy integration of imaging agents, drugs, and targeting molecules to optimize this versatility.
This review article will focus on the application of nanotechnology-driven theranostics, giving attention to new classes of nanomaterials and their impactful applications in the realm of precision medicine. Various types of nanomaterials such as lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic and hybrid nanomaterials will be discussed that enhance synergism between diagnostic and therapy modules. We will look at their fundamental mechanisms, which include targeting strategies, stimulus responsive drug release, interactions with the biological system, cellular internalization. We also look at recent advances in imaging-guided therapies, biosensing mechanisms and in vivo monitoring of therapy. Finally, we will focus on practical implementation of nanotechnology-based theranostics into clinics such as nanotoxicity, distribution of nanoparticles into the body, challenges in production and regulatory guidelines. Lastly, future trends that can improve nanotheranostics, including biomimetic nanostructures, use of AI in design of nanomaterials and patient specific theranostic agents are critically reviewed.
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