NANOROBOTS: THE TINY HEROS FIGHTING CANCER
Abstract
Introduction: Cancer is one of the most challenging diseases globally. Early cancer detection is pivotal for improving patient outcomes and survival rates; however, it remains a significant challenge owing to the asymptomatic nature of early-stage malignancies and the limitations of existing diagnostic tools. Traditional therapeutic strategies-including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Nanorobots are emerging as a groundbreaking approach for cancer detection and treatment. Objective: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the design principles, working mechanism, biomedical applications of nanorobots in cancer diagnosis and treatment, highlighting their advantages, challenges and future prospects. Methods: An extensive literature survey was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. Studies published between 2000 and 2025 that focused on nanorobot fabrication, targeting mechanism, therapeutic delivery and imaging studies were critically reviewed and summarized. Results: These nanoscale devices are designed to navigate biological environments with precision, enabling the identification of cancerous cells at the molecular level, targeted drug delivery, and real-time monitoring. Magnetic, chemical and biohybrid nanorobots have shown improved drug localization, reduced systemic toxicity, and enhanced therapeutic outcomes compared to traditional therapies. Despite these advantages, technical complexities, immune clearance and regulatory hurdles remain major barriers to clinical translation. Conclusion: Nanorobots represent a transformative innovation in precision oncology integrating diagnostics and therapeutics into a
single platform. On-going regulatory frameworks will be crucial to bring nanorobot-based cancer therapy from concept to clinical reality.
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